VOLCANO: Smithsonian/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 8-14 February 2012

[Jean-François Smekens <jsmekens@xxxxxxx>]

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Smithsonian/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 8-14 February 2012
From: "Faulk, Elisabeth" <FaulkE@xxxxxx>
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Smithsonian/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

8-14 February 2012

Elisabeth Faulk - Weekly Report Editor

faulke@xxxxxx

URL: http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/



New Activity/Unrest: | Cleveland, Chuginadak Island | Galunggung, 
Western Java (Indonesia) | Ijen, Eastern Java (Indonesia) | 
Lokon-Empung, Sulawesi | Reventador, Ecuador


Ongoing Activity: | Etna, Sicily (Italy) | Hierro, Canary Islands 
(Spain) | Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Kilauea, Hawaii (USA) |
 Kizimen, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Popocatépetl, México | 
Puyehue-Cordón Caulle, Central Chile | Sakura-jima, Kyushu | Shiveluch, 
Central Kamchatka (Russia)


This page is updated on Wednesdays. Please see the GVP Home Page for news of the latest significant activity.


The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the
 Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's 
Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, notices of
 volcanic activity posted on these pages are preliminary and subject to 
change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive
 list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a
 summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail
 in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed
 reports on various volcanoes are published monthly in the Bulletin of 
the Global Volcanism Network.


Note: Many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the 
Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To 
obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available
 on the Internet contact the source.




New Activity/Unrest



CLEVELAND Chuginadak Island 52.825°N, 169.944°W; summit elev. 1730 m


AVO reported that during 8-14 February there were no observations of 
elevated surface temperatures or ash emissions from Cleveland because of
 partly cloudy conditions. On 10 February satellite observations 
revealed that the lava dome had grown to about 50 m in diameter. The 
Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch and the Aviation Color Code 
remained at Orange. No current seismic information was available because
 Cleveland does not have a real-time seismic network.


Geologic Summary. Symmetrical Mount Cleveland stratovolcano is situated 
at the western end of the uninhabited dumbbell-shaped Chuginadak Island 
in the east-central Aleutians. The 1,730-m-high stratovolcano is the 
highest of the Islands of Four Mountains group and is one of the most 
active in the Aleutians. Numerous large lava flows descend its flanks. 
It is possible that some 18th to 19th century eruptions attributed to 
Carlisle (a volcano located across the Carlisle Pass Strait to the NW) 
should be ascribed to Cleveland. In 1944 Cleveland produced the only 
known fatality from an Aleutian eruption. Recent eruptions from Mt. 
Cleveland have been characterized by short-lived explosive ash 
emissions, at times accompanied by lava fountaining and lava flows down 
the flanks.


Source: Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://www.avo.alaska.edu/





GALUNGGUNG Western Java (Indonesia) 7.25°S, 108.058°E; summit elev. 2168 m


On 13 February, CVGHM reported that from September 2011 to 8 February 
2012 discolorations in the crater lake water at Galunggung were 
observed. In addition, a sudden increase in water temperature was 
measured, from 27 degrees Celsius on 5 February to 40 degrees on 8 
February. Based on seismic data and crater lake observations, CVGHM 
raised the Alert Level from 1 to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 12 February 
and recommended staying at least 500 m away from the lake shore.


Geologic Summary. The forested slopes of 2,168-m-high Galunggung volcano
 in western Java are cut by a large horseshoe-shaped caldera breached to
 the SE that has served to channel the products of recent eruptions in 
that direction. The "Ten Thousand Hills of Tasikmalaya" dotting the 
plain below the volcano are debris-avalanche hummocks from the collapse 
that formed the breached caldera about 4,200 years ago. Although 
historical eruptions, restricted to the central vent near the caldera 
headwall, have been infrequent, they have caused much devastation. The 
first historical eruption in 1822 produced pyroclastic flows and lahars 
that killed over 4,000 persons. More recently, a strong explosive 
eruption during 1982-1983 caused severe economic disruption to populated
 areas near the volcano.


Source: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/





IJEN Eastern Java (Indonesia) 8.058°S, 114.242°E; summit elev. 2799 m


CVGHM lowered the Alert Level for Ijen from 3 to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) 
on 8 February based on decreased seismicity and visual observations of 
white plumes rising as high as 300 m above the crater. In addition, a 
decrease in lake water temperature was measured, which ranged from 42 
degrees Celsius on 20 January to 37 degrees on 2 February.


Geologic Summary. The Ijen volcano complex consists of a group of small 
stratovolcanoes constructed within the large 20-km-wide Ijen (Kendeng) 
caldera. The N caldera wall forms a prominent arcuate ridge, but 
elsewhere the caldera rim is buried by post-caldera volcanoes, including
 Gunung Merapi stratovolcano, which forms the 2,799 m high point of the 
Ijen complex. Immediately W of Gunung Merapi is the renowned 
historically active Kawah Ijen volcano, which contains a nearly 
1-km-wide, turquoise-colored, acid crater lake. The picturesque lake is 
the site of a labor-intensive sulfur mining operation, in which 
sulfur-laden baskets are hand-carried from the crater floor. A half 
dozen small-to-moderate phreatic eruptions have taken place from Kawah 
Ijen during the 20th century.


Source: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/





LOKON-EMPUNG Sulawesi 1.358°N, 124.792°E; summit elev. 1580 m


According to news articles, an explosion from the Tompaluan crater, in 
the saddle between the Lokon-Empung peaks, produced an ash plume that 
rose as high as 2 km above the crater on 10 February; loud "thumping" 
noises were also heard. Based on information from CVGHM, the Darwin VAAC
 reported ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 3-3.4 km (10,000-11,000 
ft) a.s.l. during 10-12 February, though clouds prevented the detection 
of ash in satellite imagery.


Geologic Summary. The twin volcanoes Lokon and Empung, rising about 800 m
 above the plain of Tondano, are among the most active volcanoes of 
Sulawesi. Lokon, the higher of the two peaks (whose summits are only 2.2
 km apart) has a flat, craterless top. The morphologically younger 
Empung volcano has a 400-m-wide, 150-m-deep crater that erupted last in 
the 18th century, but all subsequent eruptions have originated from 
Tompaluan, a 150 x 250 m wide double crater situated in the saddle 
between the two peaks. Historical eruptions have primarily produced 
small-to-moderate ash plumes that have occasionally damaged croplands 
and houses, but lava-dome growth and pyroclastic flows have also 
occurred.


Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html, CNN News http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/09/world/asia/indonesia-volcano-eruption/index.html, Antara News http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/79784/mount-lokon-erupts-again





REVENTADOR Ecuador 0.077°S, 77.656°W; summit elev. 3562 m


IG reported that during 10-13 February new activity from Reventador was 
detected. Satellite images showed a thermal anomaly on 10 February. 
Based on pilot observations, the Washington VAAC reported an ash plume 
that rose to an altitude of 5.2 km (17,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW. On
 11 February ash-and-steam emissions drifted NW. Seismicity increased on
 12 February and a lava flow descended the NE flank during 12-13 
February. Crater incandescence was observed during 10-13 February.


Geologic Summary. Reventador is the most frequently active of a chain of
 Ecuadorian volcanoes in the Cordillera Real, well E of the principal 
volcanic axis. It is a forested stratovolcano that rises above the 
remote jungles of the western Amazon basin. A 3-km-wide caldera breached
 to the E was formed by edifice collapse and is partially filled by a 
young, unvegetated stratovolcano that rises about 1,300 m above the 
caldera floor. Reventador has been the source of numerous lava flows as 
well as explosive eruptions that were visible from Quito in historical 
time. Frequent lahars in this region of heavy rainfall have constructed a
 debris plain on the eastern floor of the caldera.


Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG) http://www.igepn.edu.ec/, Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html





Ongoing Activity



ETNA Sicily (Italy) 37.734°N, 15.004°E; summit elev. 3330 m


Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo reported that on 8 February the 
New SE Crater (New SEC) of Etna entered another paroxysmal eruption 
episode after about 12 days of Strombolian activity. During the 
afternoon of 8 February, the Strombolian activity increased in both 
frequency and intensity of explosions from the vent on the W portion of 
the crater floor, and occasionally from a vent to the E. After about 
1900, lava began to spill into the deep breach on the SE crater rim and 
then descended to the base of the cone. The lava flow expanded around 
2100 and the Strombolian activity slowly increased, turning into a 
discontinuous lava fountain around 2330.


On 9 February the pulsating lava fountain rose 100-500 m above the 
crater before a continuous jet rising 300-400 m above the crater. A 
cloud with a small amount of tephra rose 6 km above the summit and then 
drifted W, producing some pyroclastic fallout that was on the upper 
portion of the volcano. Around 0200 and 0400, lava fountains from the 
two vents within the crater rose as high as 500 m above the crater. The 
fountain from the E vent caused abundant fallout on the crater rim and E
 flank. A third vent, located in the breach cutting the SE crater rim, 
produced sporadic violent explosions that ejected bombs many meters in 
diameter all over the E portion of the cone.


The lava flow reached the W rim around 0130, descended the flank, and 
branched into three different flows that reached a distance of 3 km from
 the New SEC. Lava fountaining started to diminish around 0530, and then
 around 0545 sporadic jets rose as high as 300 m above the crater. At 
the same time, the vent in the SE crater breach produced strong 
explosions that again ejected bombs many meters in diameter. These 
explosions generated loud bangs that were heard all over Etna and small 
ash emissions that were reported on the W portion of Bocca Nuova. Around
 0900 activity started to diminish and ceased abruptly at 1000.


Geologic Summary. Mount Etna, towering above Catania, Sicily's second 
largest city, has one of the world's longest documented records of 
historical volcanism, dating back to 1500 BC. Historical lava flows 
cover much of the surface of this massive basaltic stratovolcano, the 
highest and most voluminous in Italy. Two styles of eruptive activity 
typically occur at Etna. Persistent explosive eruptions, sometimes with 
minor lava emissions, take place from one or more of the three prominent
 summit craters, the Central Crater, NE Crater, and SE Crater. Flank 
eruptions, typically with higher effusion rates, occur less frequently 
and originate from fissures that open progressively downward from near 
the summit. A period of more intense intermittent explosive eruptions 
from Etna's summit craters began in 1995. The active volcano is 
monitored by the Instituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Volcanologia (INGV) 
in Catania.


Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo http://www.ct.ingv.it/index.php





HIERRO Canary Islands (Spain) 27.73°N, 18.03°W; summit elev. 1500 m


Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 8-14 February 
the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island. The mean 
amplitude of the tremor remained low overall, but was variable. Very few
 emissions of lava fragments were observed over the vent area.


Fifty seven seismic events were registered during this period, most of 
them located in the central part of the island, with offshore events 
extending to the S. Depths of the hypocenters varied mainly between 6 
and 17 km and magnitudes between 0.6 and 2.2. GPS data pointed to a 
slight subsidence at some of the stations.


Geologic Summary. The triangular island of Hierro is the SW-most and 
least studied of the Canary Islands. The massive Hierro shield volcano 
is truncated by a large NW-facing escarpment formed as a result of 
gravitational collapse of El Golfo volcano about 130,000 years ago. The 
steep-sided 1500-m-high scarp towers above a low lava platform bordering
 12-km-wide El Golfo Bay, and three other large submarine landslide 
deposits occur to the SW and SE. Three prominent rifts oriented NW, NE, 
and south at 120 degree angles form prominent topographic ridges. The 
subaerial portion of the volcano consists of flat-lying Quaternary 
basaltic and trachybasaltic lava flows and tuffs capped by numerous 
young cinder cones and lava flows. Holocene cones and flows are found 
both on the outer flanks and in the El Golfo depression. Hierro contains
 the greatest concentration of young vents in the Canary Islands. 
Uncertainty surrounds the report of an historical eruption in 1793.


Source: Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) http://www.ign.es/ign/resources/volcanologia/html/informesHIERRO.html





KARYMSKY Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) 54.05°N, 159.45°E; summit elev. 1536 m


KVERT reported that seismic activity continued at a moderate level at 
Karymsky during 3-10 February and indicated that ash plumes possibly 
rose to an altitude of 4.1 km (13,500 ft) a.s.l. Satellite imagery 
showed a thermal anomaly at the volcano all week and an ash cloud 3 km 
long by 7 km wide that drifted 10 km SE on 6 February. The Aviation 
Color Code remained at Orange.


Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's 
eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within
 a 5-km-wide caldera that formed about 7,600-7,700 radiocarbon years 
ago. Construction of the Karymsky stratovolcano began about 2,000 years 
later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a
 2,300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less 
than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been Vulcanian or 
Vulcanian-Strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional 
lava flows from the summit crater. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky 
eruptions has originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, which is located
 immediately S of Karymsky volcano and erupted simultaneously with 
Karymsky in 1996.


Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/updates.php





KILAUEA Hawaii (USA) 19.421°N, 155.287°W; summit elev. 1222 m


During 8-14 February, HVO reported that the lava lake circulated and 
periodically rose and fell in the deep pit within Kilauea's Halema'uma'u
 Crater. Incandescence was visible on the NE and SE edges of the Pu'u 
'O'o crater floor, and strongest from a small cone on the NE edge during
 8-13 February. A web camera recorded incandescence above the pali on 8 
and during 12-14 February. The SE vent issued short lava flows on 14 
February.


In comparison to last week, thermal anomalies increased on the flow 
field during 8-9 February. HVO geologists aboard an overflight on 9 
February reported that the small cone on the NE edge had collapsed and 
was venting hot gas, and the pit was filled with a stream of lava 
heading NE. Geologists mapped active flows on the flow field about 6 km 
SE of Pu'u 'O'o and above the abandoned Royal Gardens subdivision. Web 
camera and satellite images indicated that the flows remained active 6 
km SE of Pu'u 'O'o and above the abandoned Royal Gardens subdivision 
during 10-14 February, and from the Kalapana (E side of the coastal 
plain) on 13 February. Ground based observers reported active lava at 
the top of the pali on 11 and 13-14 February.


Geologic Summary. Kilauea, one of five coalescing volcanoes that 
comprise the island of Hawaii, is one of the world's most active 
volcanoes. Eruptions at Kilauea originate primarily from the summit 
caldera or along one of the lengthy E and SW rift zones that extend from
 the caldera to the sea. About 90% of the surface of Kilauea is formed 
of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the volcano's 
surface is younger than 600 years. A long-term eruption from the East 
rift zone that began in 1983 has produced lava flows covering more than 
100 sq km, destroying nearly 200 houses and adding new coastline to the 
island.


Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/





KIZIMEN Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) 55.130°N, 160.32°E; summit elev. 2376 m


KVERT reported moderate seismic activity at Kizimen during 3-10 February
 and a large thermal anomaly that was detected daily in satellite 
images. Video and satellite observations indicated both continued 
effusion of a large lava flow on the E flank and accompanying hot 
avalanches. Video data showed strong gas-and-steam activity all week. 
The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.


Geologic Summary. Kizimen is an isolated, conical stratovolcano that is 
morphologically similar to Mount St. Helens prior to its 1980 eruption. 
The summit of Kizimen consists of overlapping lava domes, and blocky 
lava flows descend the flanks of the volcano, which is the westernmost 
of a volcanic chain north of Kronotsky volcano. The 2,376-m-high Kizimen
 was formed during four eruptive cycles beginning about 12,000 years ago
 and lasting 2,000-3,500 years. The largest eruptions took place about 
10,000 and 8300-8400 years ago, and three periods of longterm lava-dome 
growth have occurred. The latest eruptive cycle began about 3,000 years 
ago with a large explosion and was followed by lava-dome growth lasting 
intermittently about 1,000 years. An explosive eruption about 1,100 
years ago produced a lateral blast and created a 1.0 x 0.7 km wide 
crater breached to the NE, inside which a small lava dome (the fourth at
 Kizimen) has grown. A single explosive eruption, during 1927-28, ha
 s been recorded in historical time.


Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/updates.php





POPOCATEPETL México 19.023°N, 98.622°W; summit elev. 5426 m


CENAPRED reported that during 8-14 February steam-and-gas emissions rose
 from Popocatépetl; some of the emissions contained small amounts of ash
 on 14 February. Crater incandescence was observed during the morning of
 8 and 14 February and from the S on 13 February. Clouds prevented views
 during 9-12 February.


Geologic Summary. Popocatépetl, whose name is the Aztec word for smoking
 mountain, towers to 5,426 m 70 km SE of Mexico City and is North 
America's second-highest volcano. Frequent historical eruptions have 
been recorded since the beginning of the Spanish colonial era. A small 
eruption on 21 December 1994 ended five decades of quiescence. Since 
1996 small lava domes have incrementally been constructed within the 
summit crater and destroyed by explosive eruptions. Intermittent 
small-to-moderate gas-and-ash eruptions have continued, occasionally 
producing ashfall in neighboring towns and villages.


Source: Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres (CENAPRED) http://www.cenapred.unam.mx/cgi-bin/popo/reportes/consulta.cgi





PUYEHUE-CORDON CAULLE Central Chile 40.590°S, 72.117°W; summit elev. 2236 m


Based on seismicity detected during 8-13 February, OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN 
reported that the eruption from the Cordón Caulle rift zone, part of the
 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex, continued at a low level. 
During 8-11and 13 February plumes observed with a web camera rose 1-3 km
 above the crater; clouds prevented views on 12 February. Satellite 
images showed ash plumes drifting 20-90 km N, NE, ENE, E, ESE, and SSE 
during 8-13 February. The Alert Level remained at Red.


Geologic Summary. The Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex (PCCVC) is a
 large NW-SE-trending late-Pleistocene to Holocene basaltic-to-rhyolitic
 transverse volcanic chain SE of Lago Ranco. The 1799-m-high Pleistocene
 Cordillera Nevada caldera lies at the NW end, separated from Puyehue 
stratovolcano at the SE end by the Cordón Caulle fissure complex. The 
Pleistocene Mencheca volcano with Holocene flank cones lies NE of 
Puyehue. The basaltic-to-rhyolitic Puyehue volcano is the most 
geochemically diverse of the PCCVC. The flat-topped, 2236-m-high Puyehue
 volcano was constructed above a 5-km-wide caldera and is capped by a 
2.4-km-wide summit caldera of Holocene age. Lava flows and domes of 
mostly rhyolitic composition are found on the eastern flank of Puyehue. 
Historical eruptions originally attributed to Puyehue, including major 
eruptions in 1921-22 and 1960, are now known to be from the Cordón 
Caulle rift zone. The Cordón Caulle geothermal area, occupying a 6 x 13 
km wide volc
 ano-tectonic depression, is the largest active geothermal area of the southern Andes volcanic zone.


Source: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN) http://www.sernageomin.cl/





SAKURA-JIMA Kyushu 31.585°N, 130.657°E; summit elev. 1117 m


Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 8-14 
February explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to 
altitudes of 1-3 km (3,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. On 11
 February an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) 
a.s.l., drifted E, and later dissipated. A pilot observation indicated 
an ash plume rising to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and 
drifting NE on 11 February.


Geologic Summary. Sakura-jima, one of Japan's most active volcanoes, is a
 post-caldera cone of the Aira caldera at the northern half of Kagoshima
 Bay. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow was associated 
with the formation of the 17 x 23-km-wide Aira caldera about 22,000 
years ago. The construction of Sakura-jima began about 13,000 years ago 
and built an island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula 
during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at 
the Kita-dake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which 
eruptions took place at Minami-dake. Frequent historical eruptions, 
recorded since the 8th century, have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of 
Kyushu's largest cities, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the
 summit. The largest historical eruption took place during 1471-76.


Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/JP/messages.html





SHIVELUCH Central Kamchatka (Russia) 56.653°N, 161.360°E; summit elev. 3283 m


KVERT reported that low levels of seismic activity were detected at 
Shiveluch 3-10 February. Satellite imagery showed a daily thermal 
anomaly over the lava dome. Ground-based observers noted that a viscous 
lava flow continued to effuse in the crater that was formed during a 
2010 eruption. Moderate fumarolic activity at the lava dome and 
occasional hot avalanches were observed all week. The Aviation Color 
Code remained at Orange.


Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Shiveluch volcano (also 
spelled Sheveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya 
volcano group and forms one of Kamchatka's largest and most active 
volcanoes. The currently active Molodoy Shiveluch lava-dome complex was 
constructed during the Holocene within a large breached caldera formed 
by collapse of the massive late-Pleistocene Strary Shiveluch volcano. At
 least 60 large eruptions of Shiveluch have occurred during the 
Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the 
Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Frequent collapses of lava-dome complexes, most 
recently in 1964, have produced large debris avalanches whose deposits 
cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Intermittent explosive 
eruptions began in the 1990s from a new lava dome that began growing in 
1980. The largest historical eruptions from Shiveluch occurred in 1854 
and 1964.


Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/updates.php

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